Anti-Corrosion in Marine Surface Engineering

Anti-Corrosion in Marine Surface Engineering Surface Engineering: Coatings and Thin Films Technologies INTRODUCTION Surface building alludes to an extensive variety of advancements that plan to outline and change the surface properties of parts. There are two fundamental classes of surface designing techniques that can be utilized to advance the surface properties and the mass materials. These are surface coatings and surface Modifications. Other process include Surface shape design. Surface covering forms include protecting a layer of liquid, semi-liquid or substance material onto a substrate. One of the fundamental elements of surface covering is to change and fortify the surface capacities as opposed to improving the arrangement of the mass material. A few cases of surface covering forms incorporate Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), Concoction Vapour Deposition (CVD), plasma and warm splashing, sol-gel, cladding and electroplating. Surface modifications procedures can be named solidifying by fire, acceptance, laser or electron bar, high vitality medications, e.g. particle implantation; and dispersion medicines, e.g. carburizing and Nitriding. Surface adjustment procedures are relevant to control rubbing, enhance surface wear and consumption resistance, and change the physical or mechanical properties of the part. Surface alteration medications additionally can be consolidated with surface covering forms, for example laser cladding. This blend improves the bene fits of surface coatings and surface adjustment, consequently accomplishing particular prerequisites and wellness for reason. Surface medicines that cause microstructure changes in the bulk material incorporate warming and cooling/extinguishing through acceptance, fire, laser, and electron bar strategies, or mechanical medications (one illustration is icy working). Surface medicines that modify the science of a surface incorporate carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-Nitriding, Nitro carburizing, boriding, siliconizing, chromizing and aluminizing Hard facing is another type of surface treatment, where the mass material surface is given a defensive layer of another material having more predominant properties than those of the mass material. An example of this is covering a turbine pump seal joint with a destructive resistive material, to keep salty water from disintegrating the pump. Each strategy for hard confronting, cases of which are covering affidavit, cladding or welding, causes specific physical and concoction impacts on the mass material, some advantageous, some adverse. For instance focuses on which may exist in the defensive material can make issues, however watchful checking and research may restrain these impacts, to ideally create quality, serviceable building parts. The accompanying areas will portray the idea of surface building and the impacts designing situations have on these surfaces. Hard confronting procedures are portrayed in details particularly as to covering statement advances, with specific accentuati on on warm splash strategies, including the HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) prepare that utilized as a part of the ebb and flow inquire about. 1.1 Surface Engineering At the point when two surfaces come into contact and relative movement is created, the contact stresses increased because of the generally little rate of load-supporting region. This will result in grating and wear, and potentially even prompt to disappointment. In the high anxiety utilizations of a present day motor or gearbox, there are zones where the weight of metal moving against metal powers away all the greasing up oil and permits warmth to develop. In the instance of extraordinary weight and contact, this warmth is sufficient to momentarily weld the two sections together just before they are broken separated by their development. This consistent weld and break handle which can happen at the nuclear scale bring about drag and wear, which are damaging. On the off chances that the riggings are the parts of a shuttle, and if the single part comes up short, the whole multi-million dollar shuttle would fizzle. So designed surfaces to battle grating and diminish wear is exceedingly alluring. Many materials have been developed to have specific bulk properties, although they have not been particularly optimized for the surface properties. Surface engineering can solve these problems by: Implanting alloying atoms to different depths, thereby improving toughness and fatigue properties; (surface modification) Depositing surface layers, thick or thin, including lubricants; (surface coating) Redesigning the surface shape of the component to distribute stresses. 1.2 Friction, Corrosion, wear Surface engineering techniques solve friction, corrosion, and wear problems. Friction, corrosion and wear are the most common factors that cause engineering failures. In industrialized countries, 7% of GNP represents the cost of friction, wear and corrosion, with the possibility of 1% of this figure being reduced through the use of efficient tribological systems. On a worldwide level, 34% of all lubricants produced are consumed in Europe, with 50% of this being recycled, with a further 2.5 million tonnes being lost in the environment. Corrosion is mainly an electrochemical phenomenon which occurs when metals react with materials in their environment. 1.3 Basic types of Corrosion and wear Fig. 1: Type of corrosion and wear Wear is the dynamic loss of material from a surface. Among the distinctive sorts of wear, rough wear and glue wear ordinarily happen more frequently than others. Grating wear is because of hard particles or hard bulges constrained against and moving along a strong surface. Cement wear is created by restricted holding between reaching strong surfaces prompting to material exchange between the two surfaces or the misfortune from either surface. Cement wear is a run of the mill case of how a delicate material can wear out a harder on. 1.4 Surface Engineering in Marine applications Methods of corrosion protection are based on the theory of corrosion processes. Alterations of the material properties and external environmental characteristics are the factors which can affect the slowing down or stopping of the corrosion process. Corrosion protection in the shipbuilding industry is an important technological process devised to protect the ship from corrosion effects. Even the storage area of plates, profiles and flats in a shipyard exposed to severe environmental conditions. Protection Coating in shipbuilding constitutes of following steps: Preparation of surface Temporary protection workshop Terms of coating Methods of Applying coating 1.5 Preparation of Surface Surface arrangement is a requesting innovative operation in the advancement of the ships body from essential surface readiness of plates, profiles, and pads performed in the programmed establishment .It likewise incorporates a fundamental workshop technique called covering. Shop groundwork in the film thickness 15-25 ÃŽÂ ¼m is utilized for the assurance of steel during the time spent ship development. In any case, compulsory control of the thickness of the coatings for more prominent thickness may unfavourably influence the cutting pace and nature of steel, and in addition the event of mistakes in welding. Optional surface planning is done in the corridors for sand impacting and painting, whereby soil and salt ought to be expelled from the surface of the area, rendering it and sandblasting as per standard ISO 8501-1. This innovative operation infers additional work in welding and crushing and speaks to the pre-gathering attachments. 1.5.1 Temporary protection of surface The principal phase of consumption assurance in the shipbuilding business comprises of the workshop covering (shop groundwork) on the plating profile and pads in a thin film, about of 15 to 25ÃŽÂ ¼m thick, as intemperate film thickness may adversely influence the nature of welding (the event of porosity) and cutting steel. Shop preliminary speaks to quick drying coatings which are utilized for transitory security of steel in the workshop amid ship development and utilization of the last covering framework. Transitory erosion security is performed in the workshop of preparing in mechanized plant beginning from drying sheets, shot impacting and covering as indicated by the ISO standard. Workshop coatings utilized are zinc silicate and epoxy press oxide shop preliminary. Epoxy press oxide is connected to acquire a more prominent thickness, requesting more paint, thusly bringing about higher coats and expanded misfortunes. Today in many shipyards zinc silicate is utilized as shop preliminary (with a share of 25-35 % zinc), which gives a superior quality welding and lessened event of undesirable zinc salts (a compound barely solvent in water and hard to clean from the surface) Shop preliminary must meet the accompanying prerequisites: It should be appropriate for mechanized re-coloring methodology, It have the most limited drying time (3 to 5 minutes), Imperviousness to high temperatures, It shouldnt discharge dangerous gasses amid welding and cutting, It shouldnt adversely influence the welding procedure It should not influence the mechanical properties of welded joints. 1.5.2 Terms of coating Surface readiness principles incorporate a few criteria, tenets and rules for the way toward get ready body metal surfaces. Surface states of steel structures are isolated into four phases: Steel surfaces secured with plant scale and little erosion, Steel surfaces, which have started to erode and from which process scale has begun to peel Steel surface displaying particles of rust or inadequately connected worrying factory scale with the main noticeable sings of setting, Steel surface that is unmistakably consumed and influenced by setting. The way towards planning metal surfaces done by different methods for abrasives. Abrasives are distinctive sorts of materials appropriate for the specific coarseness surface readiness, where the grating particles utilizing packed air are connected to the surface which is to be cleaned. 1.5.3 Method of Applying Coating The innovative procedure of erosion security utilizes diverse techniques for applying coatings by brush, roller or showering (air or airless), where the determination of the methodology influences the speed and nature of works. Paint brush is normally utilized for the methodology touch-up in the insurance of zones, for example, joints, moves, edges, welds and other unpleasant surfaces and setting. In these regions, color entrance is accomplished by applying the correct brushes: it cannot be accomplished by whatever other technique. Paint roller is seldom utilized in light of its deformities, arrangement of little uneven layers, more often than not with little crevices and openings. Applying a covering by splashing depends on scattering the paint as small beads that settle on the working parts. Airless splashing is a strategy that is most basic in the shipbuilding business since it empowers quick use of Paint onto extensive surface, high effect, the likelihood of applying thicker layer, and Great infiltration. ARC SPRAYING PROCESS Thermal spraying method is a process of coating in which a heated material is sprayed on its surface. This type of spraying can provide thick coatings over a large area at high deposition rate. Thermal spraying is classified into Plasma, Wire arc, Flame, Detonation, Warm and cold spraying. 2.1 Overview of Arc spraying process In electric arc spray process, two wires of desired materials act as electrodes are fed to spray gun at controlled feed rate. Compressed gas is also used to atomize and propel the material to the substrate. Fig.2: Schematic diagram of Wire arc spray device In this process, the anode and cathode wires are continuously melted and broken down into tiny droplets which are injected by air jets through a nozzle. The velocity of gas is a few hundreds of m/s but the gas is not heated, allowing operator to keep the substrate temperature below a few 0C without cooling. The arc powers generally range from 2 to 10 KW, airflow ranges from 0.8 to3 m3/min. The temperature of the arc can be as high as 20,000 k. DC generators are used a source for power. Before the arc process is performed, substrate surface is properly cleaned. For this purpose usually the surface is blasted using a compressed air abrasive blasting. This is effective for cleaning mill scaled on steel surface by using abrasive particle at high velocity and also for good adhesion of arc spray process. Along with this the substrate surface roughness is also important consideration to be made for proper coating bonding. To hinder rust formation and provide good bonding the coarse surface profile must be around 110 microns. Garnet is normally used abrasive as it can provide desired surface finish and roughness. As metallic abrasive usually result in energy being given off as a spark which might cause surface defect non -metallic abrasives are used. Fig.3: Arc spray process instrument Before the coating is applied on the substrate surface some conditions need to be satisfied, they are Surface finish must be greater than SA 2.5 as it can be visually inspected Surface roughness must range between 75 microns to 110 microns Permissible level for salt contamination of surface should not exceed 20 mg/m3 Dust level should not exceed the rating 1 2.2 Characteristics of Arc spray process Wire diameter: The wire diameter ranges from 1.6mm to 3.16mm. The deposition rate of coating on the surface depends on the wire diameter. Wire feed rate: This determines the rate at which the material must be introduced to the system, which is proportional to the rate at which the material introduced melts. Coating materials: Metals, cements, ceramics, polymers, carbides are some of the materials used for arc spray process. Solid wires produced from Chromium, zinc nickel based alloys or aluminum are generally used for arc spraying in marine application. Aluminum is considered to have the best performance for surface coating. Spray distance: The distance varies from 15cm to 25cm; the distance affects the deposition area of coating on the surface. Power requirement: Depending on the spraying material, voltage ranges from 16 V to 30 V. The applied voltage controls the input power to the arc which affects the rate at which the tips of the wires are heated and melted. The current is adjusted to 150 A for most of the applications. 2.3 APPLICATION OF ARC SPRAY PROCESS This process is mainly used for corrosion protection. Other than this, it is also applied for coatings of machineries like boiler tube, gear box, shafts and crankshafts in power plants. 2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 2.4.1 Advantages Arc spraying process is economical when compared with other spraying techniques Any coating material can be used. Examples are ceramics, cement metals It has a high deposition rate of the thermal processes Operator requires less training The power requirement is also low Almost all substrate material can be coated Low porosity level can be achieved using this process Its useful as low heating of substrate makes arc spraying process useful in metalizing thermally sensitive substrate 2.4.2 Disadvantages Large amount of fume and dust is produced, which is a cause of concern for the operators health The materials used are limited to electrical conduction It can be sometimes seen that the coating quality does not meet to expectations as done with other technique 3. HOT DIP GALVANIZING 3.1 Overview of Hot Dip Galvanizing This process is used for coating iron an steel with a layer of Zinc by immersing the metal in molten zinc bath at a temperature of about 449 oC. This process forms a metallurgical bond between steel and molten Zinc and is done in a plant with controlled conditions. The bond formed has very good corrosion resistance due to the good molecular adhesion and the cathodic protection. The hot dip galvanization process mainly consists of 4 stages. Surface Preparation Removing oil/grease, dirt, paint etc. from the surface. Pickling in Acid To remove mill/scale. Flux Coating (Usually Zinc Ammonium Chloride) To prevent the oxidation of cleaned surface when exposed to air. Zinc Bath Dipping the material in Zinc bath and holding it until it reaches equilibrium with the bath temperature. Fig.4: Various steps in hot dip galvanizing method In HDG coating, the outermost layer (ETA) is a covering of pure zinc and is formed as the material is withdrawn from the molten Zinc bath. The underlying series of layers (of coating) are zinc-iron alloys and are formed as a result of metallurgical reaction between the molten zinc and the material being galvanized. In HDG process, the coating formed on the corners and edges of the material is generally thicker than the surrounding coating. The reason for this is that the zinc-iron alloys formed would grow perpendicular to the steel surface. The ETA layer is ductile and provides good impact resistance to the galvanized material. The combination of all the layers in the coating provides toughness to the material and also aids in resistance to mechanical damage in transport, erection and service of the components. Fig. 5: Typical cross section of a hot dip galvanized coating 3.2 Variable Parameters The appearance and the thickness of the galvanized coating are affected by several factors. Steel Composition: The galvanizing reaction produces thicker coatings for rough steel surfaces because of the increased surface area and also these coatings would have a poor appearance and would be a rough coating. Bath Immersion time: As galvanization is a diffusion process, the reaction between molten zinc and steel would be quick initially but slows down as the alloy layers grow and become thick. So, continuous immersion or dipping of the material more than once doesnt produce a significantly thicker coating. (Which happens in case of reactive steels) Speed of Withdrawal: The withdrawal rate of material from the galvanizing bath has a significant effect on the outermost layer of the pure zinc. Thickest coating would be formed when the withdrawal is rapid because this allows a large amount of zinc to be carried out on the material which would eventually solidify and become pure zinc layer. On contrary, smooth, thin and uniform coatings are formed with slower withdrawal rates as it allows the zinc to drain back into the kettle. Steel cooling Rate: The dull or matte gray coatings are usually due to slower cooling rates such as air cooling or quenching of thicker sections because the slow cooling would allow the zinc-iron alloying reaction to continue and the inner alloy layers would use the outer ETA layer for their zinc supply. The formation of dull/matte surfaces can be reduced by halting the galvanizing reaction by quickly reducing the temperature to less than 300oF. 3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 3.3.1 Advantages Lower first cost: This process generally has the lowest first cost compared to any other protective coatings for steel. The application cost of painting which is a labor intensive coating has risen far more than the cost of factory applied hot dip galvanizing. Lower maintenance / lower long term cost: In some cases, the initial cost of hot-dip galvanizing is higher than alternative coatings, but it is more cost effective due to its lower maintenance costs during long service life. Maintenance is costlier for structures in remote areas. Maintenance programs have an invariably negative impact on productivity. Long Life:In hot dip galvanized coatings, the life expectancy of structural members is 50 years more than in more rural environments and 10 to 30 years in most corrosive urban and coastal environments. Surface preparation:To ensure uniform cleaning of steel surfaces,they must be immersed in acid whereas organic coatings must be applied on abrasive blast cleaned surfaces and should be verified by third party inspection. Adhesion: This coating is metallurgical bonded to the steel surface. Environment friendly:The coating is non toxic and doesnt contain any volatile substances. Speed of coating application:A full coating can be applied in minutes whereas multi paint coating system takes up to a week. The application of hot dip galvanized coating is not influenced by weather conditions. Uniform protection:Hot dip galvanized surfaces are protected both internally and externally including recesses, sharp corners and inaccessible areas for application of other coating methods. The coating is at least as thick over sharp corners as on flat surfaces. No other coating applied can provide similar uniform protection. Sacrificial protection for damaged areas:A hot dip galvanized coating would preferentially corrode to steel providing cathodic protection to small areas of steel exposed to damage. Toughness:A hot dip galvanized coating has outstanding resistance to mechanical damage during transport, erection and service due to its unique metallurgical structure. Disadvantages This process can only be carried out in a galvanizing plant and on site application is not possible. The color of the zinc coating can only be changed by painting the coated surface. The size of the zinc bath is a limiting factor for the component or structure dimensions. There is probability of distortion/warp of large flat unsupported sheet components and long, slender beams due to the high molten zinc temperature. The welding of the zinc coated steel would need different procedures as compared to the uncoated steel. During welding of hot-dip galvanized steel, there is a loss of coating in the first and second heat affected zones, but a portion of the coating remains right up to the edge of the weld. COMPARISON OF ARC SPRAY PROCESS AND HOT DIP GALVANIZING FOR COATING OF SHIP HULL As studied in the sections before both Arc Spray Process and Hot Dip Galvanizing has their advantages and disadvantages. In this section we will compare both these process based on important characteristics and try to find out which one would be a better suitable process for coating of ship hulls. 4.1 Surface Preparation Hot Dip Galvanizing requires specific surface preparation consisting of Degreasing, Pickling and in Flux solution, not only these surface preparation method requires special setup, but processes such as Pickling can introduce Hydrogen in the substrate causing Hydrogen embrittlement and Hydrogen Induced Cracking, however if the substrate steel is not cleaned properly the zinc will not bond with it and it may be noticed at that stage only. Surface preparation for Arc Spray requires the surface to be little coarse which can be done by abrasive air blasting which depends on the operators experience, but if the cleaning is not done properly it may not be detected then. Thus surface preparation by Hot Dip Galvanizing is advantageous. 4.2. Coverage Arc spray process cannot be used for coating of corners, edges and complex shapes such as threads and hollow section, all of which can be coated easily by hot dip galvanizing as it is a dip process. Since ship hulls are large bulky object which doesnt have any such complex shape both processes can be used here but still Hot Dip Galvanizing will be more beneficial. 4.3. Process Time and Economy Hot Dip Galvanizing takes less time as it can coat almost all the surface area at one go when dipped inside the bath whereas Arc spray process is a line by line process and hence takes more time. The equipment cost for arc spray is lower, its setup is also easier than Hot Dip Galvanizing, and the equipment is mobile whereas the baths for Hot Dip Galvanizing is stationary but this method can cover large area at one go. Therefore for coating of ship hull, Hot Dip Galvanizing is a faster process as they have a very large surface area for which Arc Spray process will take more time and the higher cost of Hot Dip Galvanizing is negated by ability to cover larger surface area at one goes. 4.4. Effect on Substrate For Hot Dip Galvanizing the baths are maintained at a temperature of around 450ÂÂ °C which is just below the austenitizing temperature of steel and hence may cause a change in microstructure of the substrate if there are some variations whereas since no hot jet is directed on the substrate in the arc spray process there is no effect on the underlying substrate. Thus only considering this effect on substrate thermal arc spray process is a better process. 4.5. Coating Thickness The thickness of coating in electric arc spray coating can be regulated by regulating the speed of wire feed in the process, thus it can be easily controlled whereas in Hot Dip Galvanizing a certain thickness may not be specified as the thickness depends on the withdrawal speed which may cause an uneven distributed coating. 4.6. Bond Strength The bond strength for arc spray process for ferrous and non ferrous alloys is within the range of 4000-7000 psi whereas for Hot Dip Galvanizing the bond strength is around 3600 psi, thus arc spray process provides comparatively higher bond strength. 4.7. Hazard Fumes and other hazardous by products are formed during the Hot Dip Galvanizing can pose health hazard to the operators who are working in the shop floor as well as to the environment. Thermal Arc Spray process on the other hand produces metallic dust consisting of very fine particles and fumes; also electric arc spray process operates at high current which can result in shock hazards if not treated with caution. Clearly both processes are hazardous both to human as well as environment. 4.8 Conclusion for comparison Considering all the above factors Hot Dip Galvanizing seems to a better and efficient process for coating of ship hulls, not only coating ship hulls which have large surface area by arc spray a time consuming task it doesnt providing any other significant advantages as compared to Hot Dip Galvanizing. CONCLUSION In this report, we have mentioned the different possibilities for anti-corrosion in marine environment. Here we have taken the two commonly used methods for the protection of ship hull from corrosion. As the instrument for arc spray process is quite cheaper compared to the other techniques, its widely used in marine industry. The coating adherence is good with no heating of the substrate generally; however coating done by this method is porous. The hot -dip galvanizing process is an effective way for resisting corrosion. It is a simple process with better service life. It gives high quality with low environmental pollution making it a good competitive method. After comparing the two methods, we can conclude that arc spray process is used if we want good control and for better quality, on the other hand hot-dip galvanizing is used for mass production as it turns to be economical. 6. REFERENCES [1] Muhamad Hafiz Abd Malek, Nor Hayati Saad, Sunhaji Kiyai Abas, Noriyati Mohd Shah, Thermal Arc Spray Overview, IOP Conf. series: Material science and engineering 46 (2013), doi:10.1088/1757-899X/46/1/012028 [2] M.F.O Schiefler Fiho, A.J.A Buschinelli, F.Gartner, A.Kirsten, J.Voyer, H.Kreye, Influence of process parameters on the quality of thermally sprayed X46Cr13 stainless steel coating, COBEF 2003- Brazilian Manufacturing Congress, 18-21 May 2003, Vol.XXVI, pp 98-106 [3] Website http://www.environment911.org/Environmental_Issues_With_Galvanizing [4] Website http://www.galvanizeit.org/education-and-resources [5] Website https://www.scientific.net/AMR.685.271 [6] Website https://www.upc.edu/sct/en [7] Website http://www.mbicoatings.com/content.cfm/Coatings/Arc-Spraycoatings/ category id/102/page id/170 [8] Website http://www.aeromac.com.sg/thermalsprayadv.html [9]Website http://www.metalplate.com/techdept/characteristics.php [10] Website https://www.canam-construction.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2012-12-hot-dip-galvanization-of-structural-steel.pdf

Middle Ages vs Renaissance Art Periods Essay

When seeking two art periods to compare and contrast, fewer artistic examples provide a starker depiction of radically changing ideas and mentality than the art of the Middle Ages against that of art from the Renaissance. First, art originating from the Middle Age will be thoroughly analyzed for context. Afterward, art from the Renaissance period art will be analyzed next to it for its departures on from Middle Age techniques and thinking, before the two are finally systematically compared and contrasted. First, art from the Middle Ages, also called art from the Medieval period, characterized a European period of little social change, general poverty, and few scientific advances. The Catholic Church remained an imposing force upon Midieval society, and dominated much of daily life. Art clearly served the role of worship above all else, and the Catholic Church actually commissioned much of the artwork of the period. Much of this art filled churches and monasteries, and took the form of sculptures, paintings and drawings, stained-glass windows, metalwork and mosaics, among other forms. The iconographical nature of the art is substantial, as it above all served the purpose of perpetuating the Catholicism of the early church. It was largely confined to Europe and areas that the Byzantine and Roman empires had once occupied, such as parts of northern Africa. It lasted almost a thousand years, from approximately around 500 C.E. to perhaps as late as 1400 C.E. The depictions within the art reflected its purpose – worship. Religious icons such as saints, the Virgin Mary, Jesus and his disciples, and other depictions provided clarity and images for believers. The images portrayed onto the media arguably reflect the times, lacking in brightness, movement, or attitude. The characters shown rarely appear upbeat. An excellent example that validates some of these generalities is Pietro Cavallini’s The Last Judgment. This painting in the Santa Cecilia in Rome uses drab colours to show what appears to be an angry Jesus overlooked by six angels, three on each side. While a beautiful work of art no doubt, the painting has little passion or movement and does not inspire anything more than fear from a fiery God. This Medieval Art from the Middle Ages contrasts sharply with the Renaissance-era works in many key ways. First, Renaissance Art, while not entirely secular to be sure, had certain overtones of the humanism sweeping Europe. Next, its style exuberates brightness, passion, and an appetite for life that cannot be found easily in Middle Age art. Renaissance Art effectively superseded and ended art period progressing during the Middle Ages, and this mirrored social trends of increasing wealth and prosperity, upward mobility, and technological advances of the time. While no doubt heavily influenced by the preceding art of the Middle Ages and often building off of some of its topic such as Christianity, Renaissance Art has a strong hint of humanism which afflicted its artists. This philosophy sought to change the nature of man’s relationship with God to exist outside the church’s realm, and the â€Å"Renaissance men† often meaning that these artists were not only artists but commonly philosophers and scientists as well. Michelangelo, who was a painter, architect, poet, engineer, and sculptor, exemplified these characteristics. His masterpiece in the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment, provides us a great comparison to Cavallini’s work on the same topic and contrasts the vastly different techniques and focuses of the two art periods. While Cavallini’s work lacks a variety of colours and could be described even as plain, Michelangelo’s work gives a clear view into his mind’s eye, filled with numerous angels and men moving through the heavens. While Jesus is still at the top and the Madonna next to him seems to cower in fear at his wrath, many nonetheless are lifted upward. The bright colours, quick movements, and in fact original nakedness of the characters (later covered up, at the church’s request) reflect the technique and thought process of Renaissance-era art. So taking the topic of the Last Judgment, the second coming of Christ as a comparison subject matter for extrapolation between Medieval and Renaissance art periods, the Renaissance’s brightness, liveliness and energy shine clearly. First, we saw that Middle Age art was dreary, using drab colours and little dynamism that reflected the harsh realities of life in Europe at the time. Second, Renaissance Art ended this period with the new opportunities and advances made during the Renaissance, reflected in art from the period. Multitalented Renaissance men of the period such as Michelangelo contributed simultaneously to multiple artistic fields at once. Their art reflected the optimism of the times, the great advances being made philosophically and technologically, and their work captured their excitement for mankind’s newfound humanist relationship with God. What was once seen as an angry God hell-bent on punishment was now an opportunity for a chance into the heavens, and often Renaissance Art was even entirely secular, such as masterpieces like the Mona Lisa. Therefore, the Renaissance period of art departed from the Middle Ages period of Medieval Art not simply in technique or media, but also in subject matter, philosophy, and use. The art periods correspondingly reflected their equivalent time frame as either bleak and dowdy or upbeat and energetic. References Finnan, V. (2013). The last judgement. Retrieved from http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Last-Judgement.html Gortais, B. (2003). Abstraction and art. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , 358(14-135), 1241-1249 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558216 The last judgement. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/8284-the-last-judgement-pietro-cavallini.html

Essay on Fearless Jewish Women - 946 Words

Over 6 million are dead, with the next Ben Franklin or the cure for cancer gone forever. All of this happened because of a man named Adolf Hitler. Though the Jews believed the Germans would not harm the women or child, they were victims as well. Women and children were often mass murdered or sent to concentration camps. â€Å"This was, of course, not the choice of the women or of their husbands. It was a German decision,† Ruth Bondy states. World War II tore families apart and numerous dead, but the women remained strong through it all. The lives of the Jewish were very traditional; the men worked for the economic support of the family, while the women were responsible for the house, children, and family. Most women were excluded from†¦show more content†¦Hitler believed the Aryan race was pure, so to protect racial purity, he ordered to get ride of all Jews, Salvs, Gypsies, homosexuals, mentally ill, or disable people. His army invaded the Soviet Union to gath er up any Jews they could find. They were then sent to death camps where mass murder would take place. Since using machine guns killed very little in a huge amount of time, the Nazis developed new ideas for death. Gas chambers and fake showerheads were among the death equipment used to murder the Jews. The â€Å"Final Solution† appeared to work and Hitler continued fighting his war without any more thought about the people he was killing. Nazi continued to prosecute Jews, regardless of their age or gender. Certain concentration camps had special areas for the females. In May 1939, the Nazis opened up Ravenbruck, the largest concentration camp for women. In 1942, the Nazis formed a compound Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, also called Auschwitz II, just for the women prisoners. During the last years of the war, women were transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Although the females had special camps, it did not mean they were treated pleasant or with special privileges Onc e arriving at the concentration camps, the women were treated horribly. Women who were pregnant or with small children consider â€Å"incapable of work† were sent directly to the gas chambers. A few â€Å"lucky† women were sent to clothing repair, cooking, laundry, orShow MoreRelatedWhat Does The Imagination Fantasize As The Ideal Hero?1076 Words   |  5 Pagesis a notion that is influenced by stereotypes and fiction in order to create an ideal role model to follow. People who are heroes are considered to be: chivalrous, compassionate, selfless, brave, courageous, physically and mentally strong, just, fearless, and much more. Essentially, it is a societal concept based on a collective judgment of someone’s actions on a day-to-day basis or in a time of need. 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The novel exposes the pain and suffering experienced by mothers, sisters and daughters; consequently, it represents a break from history which has always concentrated on the misery of men. The author describes impactful moments in which strong women prove the determination to survive. Women particularly needed to persist living in a poor economy, in constant pain about loss with perseverance, helping those in need. Women provideRead MoreEssay On Columbus Day1399 Words   |  6 Pagesafter Columbus’s main voyage when Bartolome de las Casas wrote a brief report about his experience of the mistreatment of the natives. He wrote about how the Spaniards â€Å"attack the towns and spare neither the children nor the age nor pregnant women nor women in childbed†¦They laid bets as to who†¦could split a manà ¢â‚¬â„¢s head in two or could cut off his head or spill out his entrails with a single stroke of a pike†¦They took infants from their mother’s breast†¦by the leg†¦and threw them into the river†¦sayingRead MoreTriangle: The Fire That Changed America Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pageswere locked, and the narrow fire escapes were inadequate. Panicked, many jumped from the windows to their deaths. People on the street watched in horror. The flames were under control in less than a half hour, but 146 people perished, 123 of them women. It was the worst disaster in the citys history. Von Drehles wide-angle approach allows him to portray the social, economic and political dynamics of pre-World War I New York. The story of the fire only begins to emerge halfway through his bookRead MoreKate Chopin and How the Feminist Movement Inspired Her Writings1666 Words   |  7 Pagesand mothers, while also teaching independent thinking. While at Sacred Heart Academy she began to read books such as John Bunyan’s â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress† (Marlowe, Jean G). She also read old-fashioned romances and contemporary popular novels by women. In 1861 when the Civil war began Kate was greatly affected by the violence and stayed home where she began to write in her book called the Common Place Book. The book was her first assignment given to her by a nun who noticed her potential despiteRead MoreThe Pit Of Human Depravity Essays2573 Words   |  11 PagesThe holocaust was a catastrophic event that killed millions of innocent people and showed the world how in human mankind can be. This dark period in world history demonstrated unmatched violence and cruelty towards the Jewish race that led toward genocide. 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The Diary By Benjamin Button - 948 Words

The movie is portrayed through a diary created by Benjamin Button. A young girl named Caroline is shown reading the diary to her dying mother, Daisy, in the New Orleans hospital. The diary is the story of Benjamin Button’s entire life. From the moment he was born to his death. Benjamin was born with a rare case in which he would age backwards and born with multiple aging diseases. He was abandoned by his biological father, Thomas Button, after his biological mother died from childbirth. Queenie, an African American caregiver, adopted baby Benjamin after encountering him outside in the middle of night. Daisy’s grandmother lives in the seniors home where Queenie works and this is where she first encounters Benjamin. Over the years Benjamin experienced plenty of unusual adventures but always managed to stay in contact with Daisy. Throughout Benjamin’s journey he experienced the struggle of growing younger while his love ones get older. One of the issues address in t he movie was dementia. It was not touch on until the end of the movie when Benjamin was a child. In actuality, as child he was actually an old man since he ages backwards. The movie shows kid Benjamin trying to play the piano. Daisy approached him and he turned around with a defensive look. Daisy asks him if he remembers her but is confuse and walks away. Dementia affects the brain which causes the person to have difficulties in communications and performing tasks. It was obvious that he is confuse and hasShow MoreRelatedThe Curious Case Of Benjamin Button1477 Words   |  6 PagesCinematic Perspective of â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button† Introduction â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button† written by Eric Roth and based on a short novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a story of an interesting man who lives his life backwards. The movie takes place in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina and is told in a flashback perspective from the love of Benjamin’s life, Daisy and their daughter, Caroline. I heard many times throughout my life and nursing career, including from myself, â€Å"IfRead MoreThe Curious Case Of Benjamin Button Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesCurious Case of Benjamin Button written by Eric Roth and based on a short novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a story of an interesting man who lives his life backwards. The movie takes place in New Orleans during hurricane Katrina and is told in a flashback perspective from the love of Benjamin’s life, Daisy and their daughter, Caroline. I have heard many times throughout my life and nursing career, including from myself, â€Å"If I could only go back and know what I know now.† Benjamin Button lived this theoryRead MoreEssay On The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button1462 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button† written by Eric Roth and based on a short novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a story of an interesting man who lives his life backwards. The movie is a flashback perspective during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans from the love of Benjamin’s life, Daisy and their daughter Caroline. Many times throughout my life and nursing career, even from myself, I heard the phrase â€Å"If I could only go back and know what I know now.† Benjamin Button lived this theory, aRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button 1819 Words   |  8 PagesDr. Terri Hasseler LCS 230-A 20, October 2017 Midterm Examination Films Used in Questions: Question 1: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Question 2: Frost/Nixon and Bicycle Thieves Question 3: Un Chien Andalou and Letters from Iwo Jima Question 4: Pan’s Labyrinth and Citizen Kane Question 1: In the intersecting film adaptation of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, by David Fincher, the moral and setting differs from the original version that appears in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"Tales of theRead MoreFilm Analysis Story vs. Film - Curious Case of Benjamin Button2193 Words   |  9 PagesFilm vs. Short Story Analysis– The Curious Case of Benjamin Button In reviewing the Paramount film adaptation of The Curious of Benjamin Button, directed by David Fincher and screenplay by Eric Roth, with the original story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, one may conclude that there are more differences than there are similarities. The film version does maintain the main premise of the story, in that, it tells the tale of a man born old that grew up to be young, a story on aging. I will attempt to provideRead MoreFilm Review Of The Movie The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button1863 Words   |  8 Pages Film Review â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button† Is a wonderful movie to watch. Although it isn’t something that happens in real life it is still incredibly relatable. It tells a story that hasn’t really been done, that’s a good thing because it makes the movie unpredictable. This movie is loosely based on the book F. Scott Fitzgerald’s story. It was directed by David Fincher. Summary The movie open’s somewhere in the early 2000’s. An elderly women, Daisy Fuller, was laying in a hospital bed withRead MorePersonal Project4460 Words   |  18 Pagesin my class has come up with for her personal project and I have linked the book club and the blogs that I am reading as they connect with one another. Another goal for this assignment is to make video diaries or a video log, which gives the blog something different to look at. These video diaries/log will consist of my thoughts and my perspective of the books that I have read, plus it will give my viewers and my supervisor a different perspective and gives the blog a more of a factor. ThereRead MoreThis paper will explore the freedom of information and privacy as it relates to social media2600 Words   |  11 Pagesspecifically have become an avenue to share ones thoughts and ideas, as well as daily events and plans much like people did years ago by using a diary. However, unlike notes in a diary, posts on FB may be seen by the masses. Today’s online posts can have serious ramifications if its content is controversial, or even ostensibly benign. While the old diary of events was memorialized after the events took place, and then later shared only with a select few, todays social posts are documented as theyRead More`` Nineteen Eighty Four And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury3066 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"If everyone is thinking alike, then no one is thinking.† - Benjamin Franklin Explore the themes of individuality and conformity in ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ and ‘Fahrenheit 451’ In ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’, by George Orwell, and ‘Fahrenheit 451’, by Ray Bradbury, individuality and conformity are presented as fundamental toward the stability of both societies: without the command over these two factors the governments’s influence on the masses would â€Å"break down†. Accordingly, in order to maintain dominanceRead MoreLocal Movie Are Far Behind Than Foreign Movie3590 Words   |  15 Pagesother major award as well, this can help to boost their popularity. 1) Foreign films expose you to a reality different that yours We all loved watching Mr. and Mrs. Smith, The Blind Side, Avatar, Rush Hour, Seven Pounds, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and the likes – and they were brilliant without a doubt. But they didnt show you a cultural reality that you didn’t know until now, did they? On the other hand, if you watch films like Wong Kar Wais In the Mood for Love, Yà ´jirà ´ Takitas Departures